C - Tutorial
     

C - Control Statments

What is C Operator and Expression?

TThe symbols which are used to perform logical and mathematical operations in a C program are called C operators. These C operators join individual constants and variables to form expressions. Operators, functions, constants and variables are combined together to form expressions. Consider the expression A + B * 5.

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators −

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Relational Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Bitwise Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Misc Operators

Arithmetic Operators

The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then

Operator Description Example
+ Adds two operands. A + B = 30
- Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10
* Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200
/ Divides numerator by de-numerator. B / A = 2
% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. B % A = 0
++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A++ = 11
-- Decrement operator Decreases the integer value by one. A-- = 9

Relational Operators

The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then

Operator Description Example
== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A == B)
is not true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. (A != B)
is true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A > B)
is not true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A < B)
is true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A >= B)
is not true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A <= B)
is true.

Logical Operators

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then

Operator Description Example
&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A && B)
is false.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A || B)
is true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false. !(A && B)
is true.

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. Bitwise operators perform manipulations of data at bit level. These operators also perform shifting of bits from right to left. Bitwise operators are not applied to float or double(These are datatypes

The bitwise shift operator, shifts the bit value. The left operand specifies the value to be shifted and the right operand specifies the number of positions that the bits in the value have to be shifted. Both operands have the same precedence.

Operator Description Example
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. (A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001
~ Binary One's Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. (~A ) = ~(60), i.e,. -0111101
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A >> 2 = 15 i.e.,
0000 1111

Assignment Operators

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C
+= Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to
C = C + A
-= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C -= A is equivalent to
C = C - A
*= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C *= A is equivalent to
C = C * A
/= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. C /= A is equivalent to
C = C / A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. C %= A is equivalent to
C = C % A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as
C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as
C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as
C = C & 2
^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as
C = C ^ 2
|= Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as
C = C | 2

Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary

Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language.

Operator Description Example
sizeof() Returns the size of a variable. sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
& Returns the address of a variable. &a; returns the actual address of the variable.
* Pointer to a variable. *a;
? : Conditional Expression. If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y

Operators Precedence in C

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator.

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first

Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive + - Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right

Conditional operator

The conditional operators in C language are known by two more

  1. Ternary Operator
  2. ? : Operator

It is actually the if condition that we use in C language decision making, but using conditional operator, we turn the if condition statement into a short and simple operator.

The syntax of a conditional operator is :

expression 1 ? expression 2: expression 3

  • The question mark "?" in the syntax represents the if part.
  • The first expression (expression 1) generally returns either true or false, based on which it is decided whether (expression 2) will be executed or (expression 3)
  • If (expression 1) returns true then the expression on the left side of " : " i.e (expression 2) is executed.
  • If (expression 1) returns false then the expression on the right side of " : " i.e (expression 3) is executed.

int a = 10, b = 20, c;

c = (a < b) ? a : b;

printf("%d", c);

Output of the example above should be: 10

C is set equal to a, because the condition a < b was true.
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